Carbon Compounds

1. Organic compounds – carbon containing compounds with covalent bonds.
2. Inorganic compounds – non-living things and usually do not contain carbon but few carbon containing inorganic compounds such as CO₂, CaCO₃ and KCN.
3. Hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atom only.
4. Non-hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain other elements (oxygen, nitrogen, iodine, phosphorus)
5. Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonded (Carbon-Carbon) hydrocarbons.
6. Unsaturated hydrocarbons – at least one double / triple bonded (Carbon-Carbon) hydrocarbons.
7. Complete combustion – organic compounds burn completely which form CO₂ and H₂O.
   Example: C₂H₅OH (l) + O₂ (g) –> 2CO₂ (g) + 3H₂O (l)
8. Incomplete combustion – organic compounds burn with limited supply of O₂ which form C (soot), CO, CO₂ and H₂O.

Homologous Series
Homologous series – organic compounds with similar formulae and properties. It have the physical properties that change gradually as the number of carbon atoms in a molecule increases.

Carbon Compounds	General Formula		Functional group
Alkane	CnH2n+2	n = 1, 2, 3, …	Carbon-carbon single bond - C – C -
Alkene	CnH2n	n = 2, 3, 4, …	Carbon-carbon double bond - C = C -
Alkynes	CnH2n-2	n = 2, 3, 4, …	Carbon-carbon triple bond - C = C -
Arenes	CnH2n-6	n = 6, 7, 8, …	- C = C - delocalised / free to move around the ring
Alcohol	CnH2n+1OH	n = 1, 2, 3, …	Hydroxyl group - OH
Carboxylic Acids	CnH2n+1COOH	n = 0, 1, 2	Carboxyl group - COOH
Esters	CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1	n = 0, 1, 2, … m = 1, 2, 3, …	Carboxylate group - COO -

Sources of Hydrocarbon:
1.         Coal – from the lush vegetation that grew in warm shallow coastal swamps or dead plants slowly become rock. Mainly contains of hydrocarbon and some sulphur and nitrogen. It is used to produce: fertiliser, nylon, explosives and plastics.
2.         Natural gas – from plants and animals and trapped between the layers of impervious rocks (on top of petroleum). Mainly contains of methane gas and other gas such as propane and butane. It is used for: cooking, vehicle and generate electrical power.
3.         Petroleum – from plants and animals and trapped between the layers of impervious rocks. It is a complex mixture of alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons and sulphur compound. These compounds can be separated by using fractional distillation.

• < 35°C – petroleum gas
• 35°C – 75°C – Petrol (gasoline)
• 75°C – 170°C – Naphtha
• 170°C – 230°C – Kerosene
• 230°C – 250°C – Diesel
• 250°C – 300°C – Lubricating oil
• 300°C – 350°C – Fuel oil
• > 350°C – Bitumen